The Pros And Cons Of Global Warming - 977 Words

The transition to a lower emissions future, without compromising the energy security and prosperity of current and future generations, is a lost cause! Powerful forces are preventing us from perceiving our common interest, and these forces with opposing views deny us the ability to reach an equitable solution. Indeed, the insistence that climate disruption deniers are disreputable, to build spurious consensus with ambiguous data, is a gamble! Insomuch as numerous people labelled climate disruption deniers are, in fact, established, and respected scientists. To progress to an equitable lower emissions future, we need to drop the Global warming tag. For example, the term Environmental degradation is a poisonous reality that all mature†¦show more content†¦These credible scientists tell us that extreme weather flux in our meteorological history, has decimated life on earth multiple times in the past! These weather changes carry names like the Holocene Climate Optimum, the Roman Climate Optimum, the Medieval Warm Period and the Little Ice Age. Moderate periods of cooling or warming modulates these larger trends, yielding cold years in warming trends and warmer years in cooling trends. Our environment will get warmer, and cooler, no matter what we do. To proclaim that we can prevent climate disruption displays a malicious ignorance of our planets complex and unsettled history. And allows a hierarchical white supremacist movement the power to endanger the lives of billions. However, we cannot ignore our environmental responsibilities! We need to take an equitable approach with conclusions based on thoughtful analysis of collected data, and not the tactical shrewdness of a tainted environmental movement. An equitable road-map: Despite the systematic manipulation of Sciences tenet that Correlation is not causation, the De-carbonation of earths atmosphere has failed! Additionally, the lack of consensus on ethical solutions ensures that the shrills of environmentalists will continue to thwart our common interests. However, the equitable needs of the developing world overshadows the manipulations ofShow MoreRelatedPros and Cons: Global Warming Essay917 Words   |  4 PagesAlleged Global Warming has been a hot topic and been widely reported in the American media since the 1970s. In March 2014, TED, a nonprofit committed to expanding ideas with short talks, gave a powerful presentation of the alleged current consequences of Global Warming in Gavin Schmidt’s (2014) talk: The emergent patterns of climate change. His claims are stark and he implores his audience to take the grave predictions of Global Warming seriously and not just write it off as insignificant. WhileRead MorePros and Cons of Global Warming Essay838 Words   |  4 Pageswe stop Global warming? The world is changing because of Global warming. People living on earth are responsible for global warming. Global Warming is a big change in climate caused by Pollution (Global Warming). To stop global warming we should stop polluting the air and water also growing trees is a very good way to stop global warming because global warming changes the temperature however, trees can balance the temperature by keeping the temperature cold. We must stop Global warming because globalRead MorePros and Cons of Energy Sources1119 Words   |  5 Pages Pros and Cons for Oil Pros Cons - Readily available - Creates jobs for economy when required to drill and transport - Largest provider of electricity - The world has been using oil for the last 100 years - Not much new technology will be required to extract oil - Use of oil continually grows the U.S. economy - If certain regions would be allowed to drill oil in, then more oil could be extracted and the price could lower for gasoline - Production of oil rigs could lead to the development ofRead MoreEnvironmental Economical Impacts of Green Energy1798 Words   |  7 Pagespollutants. Electric power plants are one of the biggest contributors to pollution in the country due to the amount of carbon and sulfur dioxides that are released into the air. Carbon dioxide emitted into the air is confirmed to contribute to global warming and sulfur dioxide causes acid rain, which can kill plants and animals in lakes and rivers. In comparison, green energy is generated in much more natural and harmless methods that don’t affect our environment. Renewable energy wind, solar, geothermalRead MoreAmerican Automotive Industry Faces Challenge On Golobal Competition860 Words   |  4 Pagesrunning a red light. Traffic lights could be synchronized to improve traffic flow — and fuel efficiency — and if there is only one vehicle sitting at a traffic light late at night, the light could be programmed to turn green . A study by McKinsey Global Institute found that the auto industry will be the second largest data producer by 2015. Much of that data will come from the car itself, through sensors and integrated devices. Additional data will come from connected devices used by a vehicle’sRead MoreThe Climatic Changes And Global Warming Essay1650 Words   |  7 PagesThe climatic changes have been a controversial issue over scientists, politicians, and people in general. Indeed, many aspects in which climatic changes and global warming step in are being sources of controversies and disagreements. In this opportunity, the discussion regarding climatic changes divides it into two different aspects, the first one involves how scientists think about the principal cause of climatic changes while analyzing the question â€Å"Are humans responsible for climatic changes?Read MoreThe Threat Of Global Warming976 Words   |  4 Pagesdramatically than any other, and that is the urgent threat of a changing climate â€Å" ( Barack Obama ). Global warming is the increase of earth’s average surface temperature. The threat has presently widespread over a 50 year timeline. The human race has birthed a disastrous world that is deteriorating every second of the day. It is becoming almost too hard to come back from this catastrophe. Global Warming is a threat that we sometimes call â€Å" the greenhouse effect. â€Å" The greenhouse effect is the processRead MoreNuclear Power : A Source Of Energy881 Words   |  4 Pagesreleased by fossil fuels (Pros and Cons of Nuclear). Nuclear energy produces no carbon emissions which is blamed for causing global warming. France generates 75% of its electricity from nuclear power. But in North America only 11% of electricity comes from nuclear power (DeGunther). One fact that is very interesting about nuclear power is, eating one banana gives you more radiation than living within fifty mile of a nuclear power plant (What). There are many pros and cons of alternative energy andRead MoreEssay on Hydro-electric Dams Are Not Eco-Friendly667 Words   |  3 Pagesfloods, increase global warming, and cause people and animals to relocate. Hydro electric-dams are not an environmentally responsible form of generating energy because it will increase global warming. Hydro-electric dams elevate the amounts of plant matter that deteriorate in the oxygen around it and the greenhouse gases that it releases are twenty-one times more powerful. The greenhouse gases are already increasing global warming but the hydro-electric dams are making global warming enlarge twenty-oneRead MoreThe Climatic Changes And Global Warming Essay1659 Words   |  7 PagesThe climatic changes have been an issue of controversies around scientists, politicians, and people in general. Indeed, there are many aspects in which climatic changes and global warming step in, being sources of controversies and disagreements. In this opportunity, the discussion about climatic changes will be divided into two different aspects, the first one involves how scientists think about the main cause of climatic changes while analyzing the question â€Å"Are humans r esponsible for climatic

The Informal Sector Of An Emerging Economy - 3285 Words

Since the informal sector is believed to make a great contribution to an economy, there are a number of research papers which have been done in this sector. Some research has been done in relation to small-business participation in the informal sector. A prime example is from Trinidad and Tobago, considered as an emerging economy, whereby people have the perception of avoiding tax while performing their business and is the reason why people engage in the informal sector. The focus is on socioeconomic, demographic, and attitudinal characteristics that influence people to run their small business (Sookran Watson, 2008). Moreover, Sookram Watson (2008) in their research on ‘Small-business participation in the informal sector of an emerging economy’ explain that the word â€Å"informal sector† refers to the production of goods and services for market orientation, which is not captured in the estimation of a country’s GDP whether these activities are legal or illegal. The contribution of the informal sector to the national economy in the third world economies ranges from 20 to 70 %. It has been commonly thought that the informal sector is the sector linked with the poor and marginalized. However, in reality this sector attracts many people regardless of their social status and educational background. Thus, clearly policy makers need to look at this sector as it offers great economic advantages to both poor people and the country. The purpose of the study conducted by Sookram Show MoreRelatedAdvantages of Urdu Language1599 Words   |  7 Pagesof Women | Women In Informal Sectors | | Submitted To: Miss. Ayera InderaasSubmitted By: Reja Saqib ButtMajor amp; Sem: B.SC(Economics) II | | The informal sector plays a significant role in Pakistan’s economy as well as in other developing countries. Informal sectors are being encouraged by foreign countries and are considered as the plus point in the development of economy. Its role is solving the unemployment problem from the country. Many sectors have suggested that it shouldRead MoreIndi An Emerging Economy Country1723 Words   |  7 PagesINDIA: AS AN EMERGING ECONOMY COUNTRY India, whose name is derived from the River Indus, is moving forward and away from its traditional agricultural economy which has been undertaken for decades, and with an approximate population of 1.2 billion people, the second-most populated country in the world, is categorized as an emerging economy. The term emerging markets was first put down by economists at the International Finance Corporation in the year 1981, when the group was endorsing their firstRead MoreMonetary and Fiscal Policy Essay examples1403 Words   |  6 Pagesapplications to the third world countries with a huge informal sector This essay seeks to explain what are monetary and fiscal policy and their roles and contribution to the economy. This includes the role of the government in regulating the economical performance of a country. It also explains the different features and tools of monetary and fiscal policy and their performance when applied to the third world countries with a huge informal sector. Monetary Policy Monetary policy is the mechanismRead MoreMonetary and Fiscal Policy Essay1508 Words   |  7 Pagescentral bank) controlling money in the economy so as to promote economic growth and stability by creating relatively stable prices and low unemployment. A monetary policy mainly deals with the supply of money, availability of money, cost of money and the rate of interest so as to attain a set of objectives aiming towards growth and stability of the economy. Monetary policy is said to be expansionary when it increases the total supply of money in the economy more rapidly than usual. But it can alsoRead MoreBrazil: Leading the Brics1053 Words   |  5 Pagesmoves into the 21st century is whether the Brazilian style of capitalism, which harnessed their economy towards growth as a developing economy, is sufficient to drive them as a developed country. Averaging 3.8% GDP growth over the last decade, this transition seems inevitable; Brazil has shifted from an agricultural giant to a country in which 90% of the population works in the industrial and service sectors. However, as they make this conversion, they must examine their economic policies to ensure thatRead MoreUrban Development : The Asian Pacific Region1740 Words   |  7 Pagesurbanization, high rates of primacy correlate with the emergence of informal settlements (or slums), inequality and poverty. Figure 1: Past and projected urbanization and urban growth rates in Asia. Theory Behind Urbanization, Economic Development Primacy Industrial and service sectors are located in urban centers (which can be defined as cities with higher population densities compared to their rural counterparts) because these sectors benefit from larger concentrations of inputs and consumers,Read MoreThe Between Hindu And Muslim Women1471 Words   |  6 Pagesidentified with the idea from Notion of purity Furthermore number particularly on hindu comes in upper position families.as compare to other religion. LIVING CONDITIONS: Most urban poor live in various part of slums settlements and work in the informal sector . The location of the poor to resettlement takes them far from area of economic activity in the city, accordingly making it impossible Domestic Workers: Conditions, Rights and Responsibilities for them to try and gain reasonable employment. InRead MoreCashless Indi A New Beginning Essay1429 Words   |  6 PagesCASHLESS INDIA: A NEW BEGINNING Introduction: The Indian Economy post Economic Reforms of 1991 has witnessed drastic growth and development coupled with higher international integration at the global platform. Among various other emerging markets, India promises higher investment returns, which can be further attributed to many factors. The economy of India is seventh-largest in the world in terms of nominal GDP and third-largest in terms of purchasing power parity(PPP)Read MoreCorporate Social Responsibility has Risen to Prominence Essay584 Words   |  3 Pagesmission and vision where CSR is their main focus and only way to do business. 4. â€Å"CSR is only relevant for large private sector companies.† Critically discuss providing examples from SMEs, the public and civil sectors. There are several factors that determine that at the moment CSR is primarily relevant to large private sectors, according with our textbook, First, SMEs are informal in nature and this reason lack the need for bureaucratic systems and its structures due to the advantages of small sizeRead MoreEconomic And Social Implications Of High Inflation Essay1555 Words   |  7 PagesWhat are the negative economic and social implications of high inflation? Introduction Inflation has always been a common economic phenomenon in a number of countries around the world. In particular, some emerging and transitional economies, namely Russia, Poland and Venezuela, have been suffering from significantly high inflation and severe economic crises. In this essay, the unfavourable economic and social performance caused by high inflation will be discussed and illustrated of the well-known

A Scanner Darkly Free Essays

Ashlyn Phillips Mr. Flanigan/ Dystopian Literature Period 2 December 4, 2012 Who Are You? As young children we begin to develop a personality, one that is based off of the people we are surrounded with. When identifying who we are as people, physical appearance is less important in comparison to our spirits and mindsets. We will write a custom essay sample on A Scanner Darkly or any similar topic only for you Order Now The body serves only as a shuttle for our spirits and minds, without these two assets our bodies would simply only be empty shells. In Philip K. Dick’s A Scanner Darkly, the protagonist, Bob Arctor, has fallen victim to a highly addictive drug called Substance D, which has the side effect of splitting the personality in one’s mind. In dealing with the abuse of this drug, Arctor begins to lose himself and forgets what really makes him who he is. Our souls, character and appearance determine who we are as people, without these three attributes it would be very difficult to differentiate between one human from the next. The brain begins to develop in the first trimester of pregnancy, even as fetuses we are able to think and begin to develop our personalities inside the womb. As we enter the world and begin living, our surrounding environments control the outcomes of our minds, bodies and spirits. If you are born into a wealthy family, it is more than likely that you will live a wealthy lifestyle; if you are born into a poor family, it is more than likely that you will live a poor lifestyle. In society, we are first identified by how much money we have, then by how we look and at last we begin to learn more about each other to identify who our characters are through how we wish to portray ourselves. Our personalities begin to develop when we are first able to open our eyes, smile and really when we begin to communicate with each other. From there we begin to learn what we like to do in life; whether it be dancing, singing, painting, playing sports, etc. These attributes are major when identifying a person. Our spirits begin to develop at an early age and although they can be slightly altered as life goes on, we never really change entirely. One can be judged by their physical appearance and be separated from one person to the next simply based on that, however, if asked who Bob Marley is as a person, the answer would be far more detailed than if only asked what he looks like. Personality and character traits are really the basis of determining who we are as people. If a set of identical twins were put in the same room together and a group of people were asked to differentiate between Sarah and Mary, they would only be able to based on appearance. The more in depth question would be, how can you tell who Sarah is and who Mary is? In answering this question many key attributes are discussed such as, Sarah may be more energetic, loud, creative, talkative, religious and athletic than Mary, allowing for their friends to automatically know who is who when confronted by either twin. Personality always gives the answer. If the personality changes or begins to morph into two different sides, determining who someone is becomes a very difficult task. In A Scanner Darkly, Fred goes undercover as a drug addict in order to solve a major case but in doing so, he himself becomes addicted to the drug and his personality begins to split into two different people, Fred and Bob; Fred being the undercover cop and Bob being the addict. As Fred’s life morphs into Bob’s, he begins to lose himself entirely and the world as he knew it before completely changes into something different than he thought. â€Å"He will sink into a needle-and-a-spoon existence, or bounce off the walls in a psychiatric hospital or, worst of all, a federal clinic†¦And all this will occur deliberately, someone figured out what he was doing and then got him this way. The worst way of all: with the stuff they sell that he was after them for selling. (86) His personality can no longer be analyzed because he thinks as two entirely different people as if he has two separate brains in one head. Clearly this is an issue due to the fact that we are recognized by our personalities. If two personalities are competing against one another inside of one mind, there is no way to really know who that person is. Fred loses himself in Bob’s world and the drug becomes more important than anything else, as it usually does inside the mi nd of a drug addict. Without the soul, the body is like a light bulb without electricity. The soul gives the body meaning and purpose, without it there would only be boys and girls, not unique individuals with their own characteristics. The soul carries along every memory, experience, encounter, and detail of each person in the world. A wise soul will think beyond their years, a young soul will stay a teenager at heart forever and an evil soul will end up in the dark side of life and all of these souls grow through life experiences and will only be influenced by these experiences. The soul in one person does not change entirely through life experiences it can only change slightly by being influenced by those around us. In determining who we are as people, the soul is the key ingredient and it should be the first thing that is analyzed from one human being to the next. More often than not, looks do not matter, it is what lies within ourselves that determines who we are as individuals. How to cite A Scanner Darkly, Essay examples

Statistics and Business Operational Research Methods

Question: Discuss about the Statistics and Business Operational Research Methods. Answer: Introduction: Poultry farming is the process of rearing poultry birds like ducks, goose, chickens for the purpose of meat and eggs (Khusro, Andrew and Nicholas 2012). A number of people in Australia are involved in poultry farming and processing of the products of these farms (Agyarko-Mintah et al. 2014). In this assignment, the change in the practices of poultry farming and its impact on the trade and commerce are being studied. An idea about the data collection methods, analysis and interpretation of the data are given in this assignment. Problem statement: The problem statement of this research is to investigate the impact of change in poultry farming practices on the income or profit figures. Research aim: The aim of the research is to investigate the result of the introduction of new poultry farming methods on trade and commerce. Research objective: The objective of the research is to find out the impact of the applications of new poultry farming methods on the trade and commerce. Research questions: The research questions are as follows: What is the new production rate of eggs and meat? What are the main items of export among the poultry farming products? Are the conditions of poultry farmers and workers in the processing units being imroved? Literature review: Poultry farming is an important agro based industry in Australia. The products obtained from these poultry farms like meat, eggs and eggs white and other products are processed and are sold in packages (Taylor, Butt and Amati 2015). New technologies are applied nowadays side by side along with the traditional poultry farming methods. A lot of companies are coming up in the present days that practices poultry farming (Hoque et al. 2015). Moreover, there has also been a steady growth of the industry since 1970(Arzey et al. 2012). The poultry farming also faces many threats. The free range introduced by the Australian Government increases the chance of avian influenza and other diseases in birds (liu et al., 2012). There is also a threat from El nino current which increases the chance of diseases in birds (Hernndez-Jover, Schemann and Toribio 2013). Variables and hypothesis: The variables involved in this research work are number of birds in a poultry farms, total production figures, salary of poultry workers, and job satisfaction of poultry workers. The production of eggs and meats depends on the number of poultry birds. Therefore, in a regression set up, the production figure will be the dependent variable and number of poultry birds is the independent variable. The salary of poultry workers and their job satisfaction is dependent on the production of poultry products and selling of those products. Therefore, production figures are the dependent variables and salary of workers and job satisfaction are the independent variables. The hypothesis that are to be tested are: H01: There is no change in the export values of poultry farming products. H02: There is a change in the export values of poultry farming products in the recent days. Operational definitions and measurements: The problem in this research work is to estimate the effect of change of export values due to introduction of new technologies in poultry farming. The data collected is both of primary and secondary type. The primary data collected is based on stratified sampling. The whole country is divided into different regions. Each region can be considered as one stratum. Thereafter, a sample is collected from each stratum. A 5% error can be tolerated as the figures are for the whole country and quite large. The secondary data that has been collected to Australian Bureau of Statistics is subjected to non sampling error. Research design and methodology: The data collected is the primary data. The primary data is collected by the process of stratified sampling procedure. The country experiences different types of climate in different regions. Consequently, the natural vegetation of the country will be different in different regions. Based on this, the country is divided into different strata and a sample is collected from each stratum. The research questions can be answered on the basis of the collected data. The data is not subjected to any constraint. Data collection: The data collected in this case includes both primary and secondary data. The primary data are to be collected from the poultry farms about number of birds in each farm, the total production figure of eggs, the total amount of meat produced, the salary of the poultry workers, and the job satisfaction experienced by each poultry worker. This particular data is collected from various poultry farms spread across different regions across the country. The number of poultry farms in the country is subdivided according to different regions. The outskirts of the regions of Sydney, Newcastle, Griffith, Byron Bay falls under the first category. The second category includes the farms of Redland Bay, north and south west regions of Mareeba. Outskirts of Adelaide, Wells area is part of the third group. Perths outer regions are under the fourth group. The regions of east of Melbourne, Geelong and Bendingo regions are under the fifth group. Moreover, the export import figures can be collected from the statistical tables of the site of Australian Bureau of Statistic (Abs.gov.au 2016). Data analysis: The analysis of the data can be carried out by applying various descriptive statistics methods. The measures of central tendency of previous years figures and current figure will reflect the effects of change in traditional poultry farming methods. Apart from these, the regression methods can be applied to find out the effect of change in traditional methods of poultry farming on export import values. In that case, the import export values will be the dependent variable and the production figures of eggs, meat will be the independent variable. A significant value of the regression coefficient will indicate the variable that has a major effect on the export figures. Conclusion: In this assignment the change of traditional methods of poultry farming of Australia will be studied. An outline idea about the methods of data collection and an analysis and interpretation of the data is given in this assignment. The impact of the use of new technology and enforcement of new laws regarding poultry farming on trade and commerce has been studied in this assignment. This would give an idea about the improvement brought about in trade and commerce due to the application of new technologies in poultry farming. The assignment would help the Australian people to take a deeper look into the matter and help to take necessary steps required to improve the condition of poultry farming. References: Abs.gov.au. (2016). 1292.0 - Australian and New Zealand Standard Industrial Classification (ANZSIC), 1993. [online] Available at: https://www.abs.gov.au/AUSSTATS/abs@.nsf/Previousproducts/DFC49DD61B6B05BCCA25697E0018FD2F?opendocument [Accessed 24 Aug. 2016]. Agyarko-Mintah, E., Cowie, A., Van Zwieten, L., Singh, B.P., Smillie, R. and Harden, S., 2014, June. Reducing Ammonia Emissions from Poultry Litter During Composting through the Use of Biochar. In20th WORLD CONGRESS OF SOIL SCIENCE(pp. 86-86). Arzey, G.G., Kirkland, P.D., Arzey, K.E., Frost, M., Maywood, P., Conaty, S., Hurt, A.C., Deng, Y.M., Iannello, P., Barr, I. and Dwyer, D.E., 2012. Influenza virus A (H10N7) in chickens and poultry abattoir workers, Australia.Emerg Infect Dis,18(5), pp.814-6. Hernndez-Jover, M., Schemann, K. and Toribio, J.A.L., 2013. A cross-sectional study on biosecurity practices and communication networks of poultry exhibition in Australia.Preventive veterinary medicine,110(3), pp.497-509. Hoque, M.A., Burgess, G.W., Cheam, A.L. and Skerratt, L.F., 2015. Epidemiology of avian influenza in wild aquatic birds in a biosecurity hotspot, North Queensland, Australia.Preventive veterinary medicine,118(1), pp.169-181. Khusro, M., Andrew, N.R. and Nicholas, A., 2012. Insects as poultry feed: a scoping study for poultry production systems in Australia.World's Poultry Science Journal,68(03), pp.435-446. Liu, D., Chai, T., Xia, X., Gao, Y., Cai, Y., Li, X., Miao, Z., Sun, L., Hao, H., Roesler, U. and Wang, J., 2012. Formation and transmission of Staphylococcus aureus (including MRSA) aerosols carrying antibiotic-resistant genes in a poultry farming environment.Science of the Total Environment,426, pp.139-145. Taylor, E., Butt, A. and Amati, M., 2015. Making the Blood Broil: Conflicts Over Imagined Rurality in Peri-Urban Australia.Planning Practice and Research, pp.1-18.

King Lear Essays (1042 words) - King Lear, Films, British Films

King Lear Shakespeare's dynamic use of irony in King Lear aids the microcosmic illustration of not only 16th century Britain, but of all times and places. The theme that best develops this illustration is the discussion of fools and their foolishness. This discussion allows Shakespeare not only to portray human nature, but also to elicit a sort of Socratic introspection into the nature of society's own ignorance as well. One type of fool that Shakespeare involves in King Lear is the immoral fool. Edmund, for instance, may be seen as a fool in the sense that he is morally weak. His foolishness lies in the fact that he has no sense of right or justice, which rewards him with an untimely, ironic death. He discusses this as his father, Gloucester, leaves to ponder the "plotting" of his son Edgar. Edmund soliloquizes, "This is the excellent foppery of the world, that when we are sick in fortune... ...we make guilty of our disasters the sun, the moon, and stars, as if we were villains on necessity; fools by heavenly compulsion." (I. ii. 32) for the sole purpose of illustrating his wickedness. Edmund realizes that his evil is self- taught. This soliloquy shows the audience Edgar's foolishness in his belief that malevolence is the force that drives one to greatness or prosperity. It also illustrates the bastard's mistaken belief that by fooling his father, he might be able to eliminate Edgar, the competition for Gloucester's title, and possibly rid himself of his father in the same act. This is a prime example of immoral foolishness in King Lear. Another type of fool in King Lear is the ignorant fool. Whereas characters such as Goneril, Regan, and Edmund are fools because of their tendency to harm others for self- gain, the ignorant foolish are not necessarily driven to evil. However, the evil are almost always driven to foolish actions. Gloucester, arguably Lear's foil, puts forth an interesting perspective in the play. His character is presented as one who is blind to the truth, and ironically, one who becomes physically blind in the end. In actuality, it is his blindness to the truth of Edgar's love and Edmund's greed and apathy that ultimately brings about Gloucester's demise. When he says, "I have no way and therefore want no eyes, / I stumbled when I saw" (IV.i.173), he seems to be illustrating the realization of his own foolishness. Gloucester illustrates, through his use of verbal irony, that his foolishness lies in the fact that he never truly saw anything (e.g. the true nature of Edmund or Edgar) until he was blind. Another example of Gloucester's ignorant foolishness is the misfortune he predicts at the beginning of the play. He says, "These late eclipses in the sun and moon portend no good to us. Though the wisdom of nature can reason it thus and thus, yet nature finds itself scourged by the sequent effects. Love cools, friendship falls off, brothers divide...in palaces, treason; and the bond cracked 'twixt son and father" (I, ii, 103-109). This statement ironically predicts the vast majority of the play with uncanny accuracy. Shakespeare seems to be using Gloucester as a tool to provide more insight into the nature of foolishness. Another ignorant fool, and obviously one of the most important, is King Lear himself. Shakespeare deliberately uses Lear as a representation of the darker side of human foolishness. He appears to be illustrating the folly of not listening to one's inner voice, as well as discussing the corruption of power and wealth. He first demonstrates his foolishness by saying to his daughters, "Only we shall retain the name, and all the addition of a king" (I, i, 15). His wish is to maintain the kingdom without all the accompanying responsibility of the crown. However, in a more complicated manner, Lear's foolishness is derived from his inability to see that although he was king, he was a simple man as well. As a king, he wished to have his daughters openly display an undying affection for him. He shows that his practices are derived from that of a king, in that he can only see life through the eyes of a king, not a simple man. Unfortunately for Lear, his reason comes to him in madness. He states "When we are born, we cry that we come to this great stage of fools" (IV.vi.178-179) as if he finally had come to realization that everyone is a human being, be they king or beggar. By far the most influential medium used by

Free Essays on Analysis Of “Leda And The Swan”

seem to jump out at the reader. As in line one where it says â€Å"A sudden blow: the great wings beating still† you can feel the strong blow of the wings. In line three the reader can just imagine a big powerful swan grabbing Leda by the hair and holding her close to him. Then in line six Yeats gives the reader a clue that the swan is the almighty Zeus prying open the legs of Leda because he writes, â€Å"The feathered glory†, which is Zeus,† from her loosening thighs?† which is Leda trying to stop the swan from doing this to her. Yeats also gives the reader the feeling that Leda is getting raped and not liking it this is shown in lines five and six where it states â€Å" How can those terrified vague fingers push... Free Essays on Analysis Of â€Å"Leda And The Swan† Free Essays on Analysis Of â€Å"Leda And The Swan† In the poem Leda and the swan written by William butler Yeats, there are some allusions and myths that that makeup this poem. Yeats describes the scene in much detail by using some very vivid imagery. This poem follows the Greek myth of how Leda was raped by Zeus who had turned into a swan to make sure that no one knew who he was. First there is the concept of the myth in this poem. It is form the Greek mythology of the birth of the beautiful Helen. This is also the allusion of the poem. Allusion is a brief reference to a person, place or event that readers are supposed to recognize. The story starts off with Leda. Leda is the wife of Tyndareus, the king of Sparta. Leda also was the mother to many children, including Helen of Troy, the heroine Clytemnestra, and the twins Castor and Polydeuces, also known as the Dioscuri. But Tyndareus was not the father of all of her children. The on that myth tells is the father of Helen. The story is that Zeus; the supreme god turns himself into a swan, and raped Leda. Then Leda laid an egg from which Helen was born. Leda laid the egg because Zeus raped her in the form of a swan. One of the things that make this poem work is the imagery that Yeats puts in the poem. He makes the words seem to jump out at the reader. As in line one where it says â€Å"A sudden blow: the great wings beating still† you can feel the strong blow of the wings. In line three the reader can just imagine a big powerful swan grabbing Leda by the hair and holding her close to him. Then in line six Yeats gives the reader a clue that the swan is the almighty Zeus prying open the legs of Leda because he writes, â€Å"The feathered glory†, which is Zeus,† from her loosening thighs?† which is Leda trying to stop the swan from doing this to her. Yeats also gives the reader the feeling that Leda is getting raped and not liking it this is shown in lines five and six where it states â€Å" How can those terrified vague fingers push...

Marketing and Product Life Cycle Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Marketing and Product Life Cycle - Essay Example In addition, these will also aid the company in informing customers on the usage of the new product. During the launching, in-store promotions will also be used in order to allow the customers to experience and be educated of Key Ring. Questions will be entertained and freebies will also be given to participants. During the growth stage, it is expected that the product will already be popular in the market but competitors are trying to catch up by making their own campaigns. Procter and Gamble will counter this by giving higher discounts to the company's products. Bundling and in-store promotions will still be utilized. Noting the strong brand equity of Procter and Gamble, it is expected that buyers will still gravitate to its products and will be seeking more ways to get discounts. Sales is expected to taper off during maturity when demand slowly stabilizes. Procter and Gamble can stimulate the use of Key Ring by including its new product lines in the discount coupons. Since the company is very much aggressive in introducing new product variants, it is very much advisable to entice customers in buying these products by allowing them to purchase at a discount.

Promoting Jordan as a cultural destination being the only open air Research Paper - 1

Jordan as a Cultural Destination - Research Paper Example The organizer of the said event was the Friends of the Jordan Festivals, which is a non-profit organization that tirelessly strives to promote Jordan as an ideal cultural destination. The Friends of the Jordan Festivals (FJF) was formed by individuals and groups that possess a deep-seated passion for culture and the arts, and are committed to the goal of making Jordan the topnotch cultural destination in the world. FJF organizes a variety of cultural events for a varied mix of entertainment audiences. FJF exerts its greatest effort to make King Abdullah’s vision a reality. King Abdullah aims to transform Jordan into a first-class economic and touristic destination. Besides satisfying local tastes for culture and arts, FJF aspires to create globally renowned entertainment products. However, FJF is not the first organization to try to boost the country’s cultural scene for local and international consumption; yet, it is considered to be the most successful among those that attempted to form and launch the same ideas. The unending commitment of FJF to the success of Jordan in tourism and cultural promotion is revealed in its triumphant organization of major cultural events, such as the 2010 Jordan Festival, the Cirque du Soleil, Saltimbanco Show, Cirque de Glace, and the Evolution Show. And on July 2013, FJF publicized the opening of the Amman Citadel Festival for this year. The Festival showed off the finest artists of Jordan and other Middle Eastern countries. FJF organizes both major and minor cultural events at leading heritage sites in order to show to the world the richness of the country’s history and culture.  

Select a side ( prosecution or defense) and write a paper arguing for Essay

Select a side ( prosecution or defense) and write a paper arguing for your side based on the facts of the case, the relevant law - Essay Example Most of the evidences presented in the court of law firmly advocated that Ms. Johnson was guilty of killing Michael Thomas. In accordance with the case, it can be viewed that Michael Thomas, a 25 year-old man, was killed from being stabbed once directly in the heart that led to his death. It is further observed that at the time of his death, Michael Thomas was dating Kim Johnson’s sister, Latrice for a couple of years. Furthermore, he used to be violent and abusive at the time when he was drunk. Such acts of Michael Thomas have previously resulted in generating several domestic disputes with Latrice. On the night of the incident of alleged murder, Michael Thomas came to the apartment of Kim and Latrice to meet Latrice. Contextually, Latrice refused to meet him but still Michael Thomas and his friends continued to stroll around the building premise. Eventually, Ms. Johnson came down from her apartment and engaged in a heated argument with Michael Thomas. Moreover, during the ar gument threats were exchanged between the two. Ms. Johnson had a steak knife with her which she brought from her apartment. Subsequently, when Michael Thomas moved down close to the end of the fence and attempted to climb it, Ms. Johnson ran towards him and stabbed the steak knife directly into his heart which eventually caused his death. Thus, it can be affirmed that Ms. Johnson should be penalized for her act of 1st degree murder related to the killing of Michael Thomas. Statement of Law-Explanation of the Relevant Law in the Case 1st degree murder is defined as an act of killing which is both premeditated along with deliberate. In order to penalize an individual as guilty of first degree murder related to the killing of a person, there is a requirement of three basic elements to be considered that include willingness, deliberation along with premeditation and malice. In this similar concern, the term ‘willingness’ in the context of 1st degree murder specifies that th e act of homicide is committed with the intention of ending a human life. Similarly, the terms ‘deliberation’ and ‘premeditation’ is correlated with the conscious intention to kill a person prior to the murder. Furthermore, the law governing 1st degree murder charge asserts that it must have malice. Correspondingly, malice generally includes an evil disposition or purpose which tends to harmfully affect human life (Thomson Reuters, 2013). A law related to the case can be recognized as an affirmative defense. Affirmative defense is a kind of legal defense which is recognized by criminal law. Affirmative defense is categorized into two groups that include: justifications and excuses. In this context, the aspect of justifications aims to argue that the act committed by an individual is not wrong and thus it is quite justifiable under certain given circumstances. Self-defense is categorized as one of the decisive aspects of the justification defense. Self-defen se is determined as any countermeasure which facilitates to defend oneself from harm. Similarly, an excuse defense advocates that even though the act committed by an individual was wrong but there lays certain excuses for the defendant (Croddy & Hayes, 2012). Argument With regard to the case of State v. Kim Johnson, it is found that Kim Johnson fulfills a number of legal criteria that makes her guilty for her act of 1st degree murder related to the killing of Michael Thomas. Contextually, it can be justified that the action of

Unilever is an Anglo-Dutch multinational company

Unilever is an Anglo-Dutch multinational company Main objectives of this assignment are as follows: An analysis and evaluation of the data available in the Procter Gamble annual report. An analysis and evaluation of the developments in the financial markets in the past 2 years of Procter Gamble company. Compare and assess the performance of PG with its competitor company (Unilever). Recommendations to ProcterGamble for future advancements. Procter and Gamble Prologue Procter and Gamble is a fortune 500 multinational company which is headquartered at Downtown, Cincinnati, Ohio, U.S.A . It is one of the top 5 consumer goods manufacturer company in the world. It was founded in 1837 by William Procter, a candle maker and James Gamble, a soap maker, immigrants from England Ireland respectively. In year 2010 PG had 1,28,000 employees. Current President and C.E.O of Procter and Gamble Company is Bob Mc Donald. Revenue of PG in 2010 was 78.6 billion US Dollar. Operating income of PG in 2010 was 16.15 billion US Dollar. Net income of PG In year 2010 was 12.72 billion US Dollar. Total Assets of PG in year 2009 was around 135.12 billion US Dollar. Procter and gamble company deals into four segments mainly, categorized as : Beauty and grooming segment. Household care segment. Health and well being segment. Snacks and Beverages segment. Procter and Gamble was ranked 6th in the world for the worlds most admired company. Procter and Gamble operates in nearly 82 countries around the world and it sells or markets 300 brands in more than 159 countries. Procter and Gamble is the worlds biggest maker of household products according to sales and volume. Procter and Gamble is also one of the biggest advertisers in the world. Procter and Gamble was ranked #39 out of top Fortune 500 American companies. PG organization is the mother of innovations like extreme market research, brand -management development and profit sharing programmes. These were all developed and implemented by PG first than any other organization in the world. Popular brands of PG company with net sales more than one billion U.S. Dollar annually: Ariel laundry detergent Charmin bathroom towel Bounty paper towels Crest toothpaste Dawn- dishwashing detergent Downy- fabric softener Duracell- batteries Gillette- shaving razors, shaving gel and cream, deodorant and anti-persipirant. Head Shoulders shampoo Olay- beauty products Oral.b dental products Pantene- hair care products Pringles- potato crisps Tide- powder and liquid detergents Vicks. Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Procter__Gamble_brands Procter and Gamble manufacturing operations are based in the following countries and regions: U.S.A United Kingdom Canada China Mexico Africa Australia Latin America India Germany Major competitors of Procter and Gamble are: JohnsonJohnson Kimberly Clark Corp. Unilever. Clorox. Sara Lee Corporations. Kraft foods INC Colgate-Palmolive. Competitors Profile (Unilever) Unilever is an Anglo-Dutch multinational company founded in 1930 by the amalgamation of Dutch margarine company Margarine Unie with British soap maker Lever Brothers. The company is headquartered at Unilever house London, United Kingdom and at Rotterdam, Netherlands. Unilever owns more than 370 brands as a result of acquisitions such as with Brooke Bond in 1984 and Chesebrough-Ponds Inc in 1987. Mission statement of Unilever or motto of Unilever is Meeting the everyday needs of people everywhere. According to Unilever company, everyday more than 140 million people pick their brands to clean their homes and to feed their families. Unilever comes among top 5 in world for making packaged consumer products like soaps, tea, frozen foods, deodorants, perfumes, toiletries etc. The corporation sells its products in more than 140 countries. The annual revenue of Unilever Inc was around 39,826 Million Euros in year 2009. Operating income of Unilever was around 5,010 Million Euros in year 2009. Net income of Unilever was 3,658 million Euros in year 2009. Unilever has subsidiaries in more than 85 countries and it employs more than 1,70,000 workers to its company. Unilever stands at third position among food firms in the world after Nestle and Kraft and worlds second largest packaged consumer goods company after Procter Gamble company. Financial Analysis of Procter and Gamble company: The financial statements including, annual reports, balance sheet, cash flow statement, income statement are attached with the following appendixes.: Common size Statement analysis (Vertical) = Appendix A 2. Balance sheet , cash flow statement, Income Statement = Appendix B Financial ratio formulas = Appendix C Financial ratios = Appendix D 5.Comparison of Financial data between PG and Unilever = Appendix E Financial Statement Analysis: Financial statement analysis is the process of analyzing financial strengths and weaknesses of a firm by making relationships between the items of the profit and loss account and of balance sheet. These statements are very helpful for decision making purpose for any business or company. They play a vital role for setting the framework of managerial decisions. Financial statement analysis includes preparation and interpretation of financial statements in analogous and common size form. Financial statement analysis also includes computation and interpretation of financial ratio that would be helpful to common share holder for business purpose and for short term creditors as well as long term creditors. Techniques of Financial Statement Analysis : Vertical and Horizontal Analysis. Ratio Analysis. Horizontal Analysis: It involves line by line comparison of two or more years financial data. The horizontal analysis compares financial data over a number of accounting period. Example: Accounts receivable can be compared over a period of months during a fiscal year or sales can be compared over a period of several years. Vertical Common-Size Analysis In Vertical Common-Size Analysis statement all the figures of income statement are taken as a percentage of sales and in balance sheet all the figures are taken as a percentage of total assets.In Income statement, sales figure is taken as base and is assumed to be 100 % and all other figures are expressed as a percentage of sales. In balance sheet the percentage of total assets is taken as 100 % and all other figures are expressed as a percentage of total assets. Ratio Analysis : The ratio analysis is the most important and powerful tool of financial statement analysis. When we use ratio analysis, we can check and determine how profitable a business is. Ratios can be calculated by dividing one number to another number. It can be expressed in the form of percentage, proportion, time or rate. Ratio Analysis is an accounting method used to compare one figure with another. Ratios can helps us to determine whether a business is sound or not. It simplifies the data of financial statements. It also helps in comparing the results of one business with another. It also helps in comparing the results of the business with the average result of all similar businesses in the same field. It also tells the investors to determine whether they should buy, hold or sell the shares by seeing the ratio analysis of the particular company. It also helps the employees of a particular company by providing information about stability and profitability of their company in present and future times. It also helps in planning and forecasting during financial analysis. Ratios can help management to do basic functions like forecasting, planning, co-ordination, control of financial data of the business.

herody Odysseus as Epic Hero of Homers Odyssey Essay -- Odyssey essa

Odysseus as Epic Hero of Homer's Odyssey      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Homer's epic poem The Odyssey is about Odysseus' ten-year journey home from the Trojan War and what Odysseus has to do when he returns.   The journey itself is quite a story.   Odysseus and his men come in contact with many obstacles that they must overcome and there are more hurdles to jump when Odysseus reaches his destination.   Odysseus is an epic hero who, besides showing superhuman characteristics in strength, bravery and cleverness, also proves himself through his emotions, leadership, and the corrections in his faults.   Ã‚  Ã‚   Odysseus' emotions are rare, yet profound enough to enhance the way Odysseus is viewed as an epic hero.   The first sign of Odysseus' true emotions occur once Odysseus chooses to take the path past Scylla, a six-headed monster who devours sailors in passing ships, rather than the one through Charybdis, a whirlpool.   While Odysseus watches below, Scylla snatches six of his best men, one for each of her heads. Seeing his men being devoured while calling his name is the worst sight Odysseus has ever had to suffer through on all his journeys on the sea (646-662).   When Odysseus returns to his home on Ithaca, many more emotions take over him when he comes in contact with people he hasn't seen for twenty years.   Odysseus tells Telemachus, his son, what his true identity is and the men weep and embrace to try to make up from the twenty years where this kind of bonding was unavailable (896-906).   Also, Odysseus has feelings that he has to hide when he s ees Argos, the dog he trained from a puppy, being mistreated and not cared for properly.   However, since Odysseus is in disguise he cannot reveal his true emotion and hides his tears away... ...-1027).   This change in Odysseus' character accents his epic hero characteristics even further by Odysseus being able to recognize his problem, then correcting this obstacle in able to complete the needed task. Odysseus was truly the epic hero in Homer's The Odyssey.   Odysseus' emotion and the could control of that emotion, the ability to lead his crew through difficult situations and recognizing and changing his faults were only some of the epic hero characteristics that Odysseus met during this epic poem.   The attributes displayed by Odysseus are everyday characteristics of the present.   By reading The Odyssey many people may be able to deal with emotional conflicts of today. Works Consulted: Bloom, Harold ,   Homer's Odyssey: Edited and with an Introduction, NY, Chelsea House 1988 Homer. The Odyssey. Trans. Robert Fagles. New York: 1996

Platform technology Essay

Servlets are supported by the Java Sun platform technology of option for expanding and improving web servers and they provide a component-based, platform independent method for making web applications, without the confines of the performance of CGI programs. They are sustained in nearly all web servers. There are many popular servlets which are available in the market at the moment. JRun is a J2EE application server, initially made in 1997 as a Java Servlet engine by Live Software and later on bought by Allaire, who brought out the first J2EE compliant edition. It was obtained by Macromedia prior to its 2001 takeover of Allaire, and later by Adobe Systems when it bought Macromedia in 2005. Its latest patch Updater 7 was released by Adobe in 2007. Updater 7 added Sun JDK 1. 6 support, Apache 2. 2 support, Windows Vista/IIS7 support and Mac OS X 10. 4 on Intel support. This feature differentiates it from other servlets. Similarly, iPlanet was a product that was used mutually by Sun Microsystems and Netscape Communications Corporation when sharing out software and services as part of a non-limited cross marketing contract. AOL has continued to market the directory and certificate server products below the Netscape brand. After AOL joined with Netscape, technology analysts conjectured that AOL’s major concern was the netscape. com website, which some thought to have replaced the Internet Explorer browser. Apache Tomcat is also an open source Servlet made by the Apache Software Foundation (ASF). Tomcat uses the Java Servlet and the Java Server Pages (JSP) provisions from Sun Microsystems and that gives it the edge over other servlets. As far as choosing one Servlet for our organization is concerned it depends on the platform technology. And since JRun is a J2EE application server therefore I would choose it over others. REFRENCES http://www. wikipedia. org QUESTION: Research some of the popular Servlet engines (Tomcat, JRun, IPlanet, etc). What features are there that make one Servlet engine better than the other? How would you go about choosing one for your organization?

My Father

Electronic mail, also known as  email  or  e-mail, is a method of exchanging digital messages from an author to one or more recipients. Modern email operates across the  Internet  or other  computer networks. Some early email systems required that the author and the recipient both be  online  at the same time, in common with  instant messaging. Today's email systems are based on a  store-and-forward  model. Emailservers  accept, forward, deliver and store messages.Neither the users nor their computers are required to be online simultaneously; they need connect only briefly, typically to an  email server, for as long as it takes to send or receive messages. Historically, the term  electronic mail  was used generically for any electronic document transmission. For example, several writers in the early 1970s used the term to describe  fax  document transmission. [2][3]  As a result, it is difficult to find the first citation for the use of the term wi th the more specific meaning it has today.An Internet email message[NB 1]  consists of three components, the message  envelope, the message  header, and the message  body. The message header contains control information, including, minimally, an originator's  email address  and one or more recipient addresses. Usually descriptive information is also added, such as a subject header field and a message submission date/time stamp. Originally a text-only (7-bit ASCII and others) communications medium, email was extended to carry multi-media content attachments, a process standardized in  RFC  2045 through 2049.Collectively, these RFCs have come to be called  Multipurpose Internet Mail Extensions(MIME). Electronic mail predates the inception of the  Internet, and was in fact a crucial tool in creating it,[4]  but the history of modern, global Internet email services reaches back to the early  ARPANET. Standards for encoding email messages were proposed as early as 1973 (RFC 561). Conversion from ARPANET to the Internet in the early 1980s produced the core of the current services. An email sent in the early 1970s looks quite similar to a basic text message sent on the Internet today.Network-based email was initially exchanged on the ARPANET in extensions to the  File Transfer Protocol  (FTP), but is now carried by theSimple Mail Transfer Protocol  (SMTP), first published as  Internet standard  10 (RFC 821) in 1982. In the process of transporting email messages between systems, SMTP communicates delivery parameters using a message  envelope  separate from the message (header and body) itself. The diagram to the right shows a typical sequence of events[48]  that takes place when  Alice  composes a message using her  mail user agent  (MUA).She enters the  email address  of her correspondent, and hits the â€Å"send† button. 1. Her MUA formats the message in email format and uses the Submission Protocol (a profi le of the  Simple Mail Transfer Protocol  (SMTP), see  RFC 6409) to send the message to the local  mail submission agent  (MSA), in this casesmtp. a. org, run by Alice's  internet service provider  (ISP). 2. The MSA looks at the destination address provided in the SMTP protocol (not from the message header), in this [email  protected] org. An Internet email address is a string of the [email  protected]The part before the @ sign is the  local part  of the address, often the  username  of the recipient, and the part after the @ sign is a  domain name  or afully qualified domain name. The MSA resolves a domain name to determine the fully qualified domain name of the  mail exchange server  in the  Domain Name System  (DNS). 3. The  DNS server  for the  b. org  domain,  ns. b. org, responds with any  MX records  listing the mail exchange servers for that domain, in this case  mx. b. org, a  message transfer agent  (MTA) server run by Bob's ISP. 4. smtp. a. org  sends the message to  mx. b. org  using SMTP.This server may need to forward the message to other MTAs before the message reaches the final  message delivery agent  (MDA). 1. The MDA delivers it to the  mailbox  of the user  bob. 2. Bob presses the â€Å"get mail† button in his MUA, which picks up the message using either the  Post Office Protocol  (POP3) or theInternet Message Access Protocol  (IMAP4). That sequence of events applies to the majority of email users. However, there are many alternative possibilities and complications to the email system: * Alice or Bob may use a client connected to a corporate email system, such as  IBM  Lotus Notes  or  Microsoft  Exchange.These systems often have their own internal email format and their clients typically communicate with the email server using a vendor-specific, proprietary protocol. The server sends or receives email via the Internet through the product's Inte rnet mail gateway which also does any necessary reformatting. If Alice and Bob work for the same company, the entire transaction may happen completely within a single corporate email system. * Alice may not have a MUA on her computer but instead may connect to a  webmail  service. Alice's computer may run its own MTA, so avoiding the transfer at step 1. * Bob may pick up his email in many ways, for example logging into  mx. b. org  and reading it directly, or by using a webmail service. * Domains usually have several mail exchange servers so that they can continue to accept mail when the main mail exchange server is not available. * Email messages are not secure if  email encryption  is not used correctly. Many MTAs used to accept messages for any recipient on the Internet and do their best to deliver them. Such MTAs are called  open mail relays.This was very important in the early days of the Internet when network connections were unreliable. If an MTA couldn't reach the destination, it could at least deliver it to a relay closer to the destination. The relay stood a better chance of delivering the message at a later time. However, this mechanism proved to be exploitable by people sending  unsolicited bulk email  and as a consequence very few modern MTAs are open mail relays, and many MTAs don't accept messages from open mail relays because such messages are very likely to be spam. ————————————————- [edit]Message formatThe Internet email message format is now defined by  RFC 5322, with multi-media content attachments being defined in  RFC 2045through  RFC 2049, collectively called  Multipurpose Internet Mail Extensions  or  MIME. RFC 5322  replaced the earlier  RFC 2822  in 2008, and in turn  RFC 2822  in 2001 replaced  RFC 822  Ã¢â‚¬â€œ which had been the standard for Internet email for nearly 20 years. P ublished in 1982,  RFC 822  was based on the earlier  RFC 733  for the  ARPANET. [49] Internet email messages consist of two major sections: * Header  Ã¢â‚¬â€œ Structured into  fields  such as From, To, CC, Subject, Date, and other information about the email. Body  Ã¢â‚¬â€œ The basic content, as unstructured text; sometimes containing a  signature block  at the end. This is exactly the same as the body of a regular letter. The header is separated from the body by a blank line. [edit]Message header Each message has exactly one  header, which is structured into  fields. Each field has a name and a value. RFC 5322  specifies the precise syntax. Informally, each line of text in the header that begins with a  printable character  begins a separate field. The field name starts in the first character of the line and ends before the separator character â€Å":†.The separator is then followed by the field value (the â€Å"body† of the field). Th e value is continued onto subsequent lines if those lines have a space or tab as their first character. Field names and values are restricted to 7-bit  ASCII  characters. Non-ASCII values may be represented using MIME  encoded words. Email header fields can be multi-line, and each line ahould be at most 78 characters long and in no event more than 998 characters long. [50]  Header fields defined by  RFC 5322  can only contain  US-ASCII  characters; for encoding characters in other sets, a syntax specified in  RFC 2047  can be used. 51]  Recently the IETF EAI working group has defined some standards track extensions[52][53], replacing previous experimental extensions, to allow  UTF-8  encoded  Unicode  characters to be used within the header. In particular, this allows email addresses to use non-ASCII characters. Such characters must only be used by servers that support these extensions. The message header must include at least the following fields:[54] * From: The  email address, and optionally the name of the author(s). In many email clients not changeable except through changing account settings. Date: The local time and date when the message was written. Like the  From:  field, many email clients fill this in automatically when sending. The recipient's client may then display the time in the format and time zone local to him/her. The message header should include at least the following fields:[55] * Message-ID: Also an automatically generated field; used to prevent multiple delivery and for reference in In-Reply-To: (see below). * In-Reply-To:  Message-ID  of the message that this is a reply to. Used to link related messages together. This field only applies for reply messages.RFC 3864  describes registration procedures for message header fields at the  IANA; it provides for  permanent  and  provisionalmessage header field names, including also fields defined for MIME, netnews, and http, and referencing rele vant RFCs. Common header fields for email include: * To: The email address(es), and optionally name(s) of the message's recipient(s). Indicates primary recipients (multiple allowed), for secondary recipients see Cc: and Bcc: below. * Subject: A brief summary of the topic of the message. Certain abbreviations  are commonly used in the subject, including  Ã¢â‚¬Å"RE:† and â€Å"FW:†. Bcc:  Blind Carbon Copy; addresses added to the SMTP delivery list but not (usually) listed in the message data, remaining invisible to other recipients. * Cc:  Carbon copy; Many email clients will mark email in your inbox differently depending on whether you are in the To: or Cc: list. * Content-Type: Information about how the message is to be displayed, usually a  MIME  type. * Precedence: commonly with values â€Å"bulk†, â€Å"junk†, or â€Å"list†; used to indicate that automated â€Å"vacation† or â€Å"out of office† responses should not be returned for this mail, e. g. o prevent vacation notices from being sent to all other subscribers of a mailinglist. Sendmailuses this header to affect prioritization of queued email, with â€Å"Precedence: special-delivery† messages delivered sooner. With modern high-bandwidth networks delivery priority is less of an issue than it once was. Microsoft Exchange  respects a fine-grained automatic response suppression mechanism, the X-Auto-Response-Suppress header. [56] * References:  Message-ID  of the message that this is a reply to, and the message-id of the message the previous reply was a reply to, etc. * Reply-To: Address that should be used to reply to the message. Sender: Address of the actual sender acting on behalf of the author listed in the From: field (secretary, list manager, etc. ). * Archived-At: A direct link to the archived form of an individual email message. [57] Note that the  To:  field is not necessarily related to the addresses to which the mess age is delivered. The actual delivery list is supplied separately to the transport protocol,  SMTP, which may or may not originally have been extracted from the header content. The â€Å"To:† field is similar to the addressing at the top of a conventional letter which is delivered according to the address on the outer envelope.In the same way, the â€Å"From:† field does not have to be the real sender of the email message. Some mail servers apply  email authentication  systems to messages being relayed. Data pertaining to server's activity is also part of the header, as defined below. SMTP defines the  trace information  of a message, which is also saved in the header using the following two fields:[58] * Received: when an SMTP server accepts a message it inserts this trace record at the top of the header (last to first). * Return-Path: when the delivery SMTP server makes the  final delivery  of a message, it inserts this field at the top of the header.Ot her header fields that are added on top of the header by the receiving server may be called  trace fields, in a broader sense. [59] * Authentication-Results: when a server carries out authentication checks, it can save the results in this field for consumption by downstream agents. [60] * Received-SPF: stores the results of  SPF  checks. [61] * Auto-Submitted: is used to mark automatically generated messages. [62] * VBR-Info: claims  VBR  whitelisting[63] Filename extensions Upon reception of email messages,  email client  applications save messages in operating system files in the file system.Some clients save individual messages as separate files, while others use various database formats, often proprietary, for collective storage. A historical standard of storage is the  mbox  format. The specific format used is often indicated by special  filename extensions: eml Used by many email clients including  Microsoft Outlook Express,  Windows Mail  and  Mozi lla Thunderbird. The files are  plain text  inMIME  format, containing the email header as well as the message contents and attachments in one or more of several formats. emlx Used by  Apple Mail. msg Used by  Microsoft Office Outlook  and  OfficeLogic Groupware. bx Used by  Opera Mail,  KMail, and  Apple Mail  based on the  mbox  format. Some applications (like  Apple Mail) leave attachments encoded in messages for searching while also saving separate copies of the attachments. Others separate attachments from messages and save them in a specific directory. Lesson 1: Entering Text and Numbers The Microsoft Excel Window Microsoft Excel is an electronic spreadsheet. You can use it to organize your data into rows and columns. You can also use it to perform mathematical calculations quickly. This tutorial teaches Microsoft Excel basics.Although knowledge of how to navigate in a Windows environment is helpful, this tutorial was created for the computer novice . This lesson will introduce you to the Excel window. You use the window to interact with Excel. To begin this lesson, start Microsoft Excel 2007. The Microsoft Excel window appears and your screen looks similar to the one shown here. Note:  Your screen will probably not look exactly like the screen shown. In Excel 2007, how a window displays depends on the size of your window, the size of your monitor, and the resolution to which your monitor is set.Resolution determines how much information your computer monitor can display. If you use a low resolution, less information fits on your screen, but the size of your text and images are larger. If you use a high resolution, more information fits on your screen, but the size of the text and images are smaller. Also, settings in Excel 2007, Windows Vista, and Windows XP allow you to change the color and style of your windows. The Microsoft Office Button In the upper-left corner of the Excel 2007 window is the Microsoft Office button. Wh en you click the button, a menu appears.You can use the menu to create a new file, open an existing file, save a file, and perform many other tasks. The Quick Access Toolbar Next to the Microsoft Office button is the Quick Access toolbar. The Quick Access toolbar gives you with access to commands you frequently use. By default, Save, Undo, and Redo appear on the Quick Access toolbar. You can use Save to save your file, Undo to roll back an action you have taken, and Redo to reapply an action you have rolled back. The Title Bar Next to the Quick Access toolbar is the Title bar. On the Title bar, Microsoft Excel displays the name of the workbook you are currently using.At the top of the Excel window, you should see â€Å"Microsoft Excel – Book1† or a similar name. The Ribbon You use commands to tell Microsoft Excel what to do. In Microsoft Excel 2007, you use the Ribbon to issue commands. The Ribbon is located near the top of the Excel window, below the Quick Access tool bar. At the top of the Ribbon are several tabs; clicking a tab displays several related command groups. Within each group are related command buttons. You click buttons to issue commands or to access menus and dialog boxes. You may also find a dialog box launcher in the bottom-right corner of a group.When you click the dialog box launcher, a dialog box makes additional commands available. The Status bar appears at the very bottom of the Excel window and provides such information as the sum, average, minimum, and maximum value of selected numbers. You can change what displays on the Status bar by right-clicking on the Status bar and selecting the options you want from the Customize Status Bar menu. You click a menu item to select it. You click it again to deselect it. A check mark next to an item means the item is selected. Move Around a Worksheet By using the arrow keys, you can move around your worksheet.You can use the down arrow key to move downward one cell at a time. You can us e the up arrow key to move upward one cell at a time. You can use the Tab key to move across the page to the right, one cell at a time. You can hold down the Shift key and then press the Tab key to move to the left, one cell at a time. You can use the right and left arrow keys to move right or left one cell at a time. The Page Up and Page Down keys move up and down one page at a time. If you hold down the Ctrl key and then press the Home key, you move to the beginning of the worksheet. EXERCISE 1 Move Around the WorksheetThe Down Arrow Key Press the down arrow key several times. Note that the cursor moves downward one cell at a time. The Up Arrow Key Press the up arrow key several times. Note that the cursor moves upward one cell at a time. The Tab Key Move to cell A1. Press the Tab key several times. Note that the cursor moves to the right one cell at a time. The Shift+Tab Keys Hold down the Shift key and then press Tab. Note that the cursor moves to the left one cell at a time. Th e Right and Left Arrow Keys Press the right arrow key several times. Note that the cursor moves to the right.Press the left arrow key several times. Note that the cursor moves to the left. Page Up and Page Down Press the Page Down key. Note that the cursor moves down one page. Press the Page Up key. Note that the cursor moves up one page. The Ctrl-Home Key Move the cursor to column J. Stay in column J and move the cursor to row 20. Hold down the Ctrl key while you press the Home key. Excel moves to cell A1. Go To Cells  Quickly The following are shortcuts for moving quickly from one cell in a worksheet to a cell in a different part of the worksheet. EXERCISE 2 Go to — F5 The F5 function key is the â€Å"Go To† key.If you press the F5 key, you are prompted for the cell to which you wish to go. Enter the cell address, and the cursor jumps to that cell. Press F5. The Go To dialog box opens. Type  J3  in the Reference field. Press Enter. Excel moves to cell J3. Go to — Ctrl+G You can also use Ctrl+G to go to a specific cell. Hold down the Ctrl key while you press â€Å"g† (Ctrl+g). The Go To dialog box opens. Type  C4  in the Reference field. Press Enter. Excel moves to cell C4. The Name Box You can also use the Name box to go to a specific cell. Just type the cell you want to go to in the Name box and then press Enter.If you wish to perform a function on a group of cells, you must first select those cells by highlighting them. The exercises that follow teach you how to select. EXERCISE 3 Select Cells To select cells A1 to E1: Go to cell A1. Press the F8 key. This anchors the cursor. Note that â€Å"Extend Selection† appears on the Status bar in the lower-left corner of the window. You are in the Extend mode. Click in cell E7. Excel highlights cells A1 to E7. Press Esc and click anywhere on the worksheet to clear the highlighting. Alternative Method: Select Cells by DraggingYou can also select an area by holding down th e left mouse button and dragging the mouse over the area. In addition, you can select noncontiguous areas of the worksheet by doing the following: Go to cell A1. Hold down the Ctrl key. You won't release it until step 9. Holding down the Ctrl key enables you to select noncontiguous areas of the worksheet. Press the left mouse button. While holding down the left mouse button, use the mouse to move from cell A1 to C5. Continue to hold down the Ctrl key, but release the left mouse button. Using the mouse, place the cursor in cell D7. Press the left mouse button.While holding down the left mouse button, move to cell F10. Release the left mouse button. Release the Ctrl key. Cells A1 to C5 and cells D7 to F10 are selected. Press Esc and click anywhere on the worksheet to remove the highlighting. Enter Data In this section, you will learn how to enter data into your worksheet. First, place the cursor in the cell in which you want to start entering data. Type some data, and then press Enter . If you need to delete, press the Backspace key to delete one character at a time. EXERCISE 4 Enter Data Place the cursor in cell A1. Type  John Jordan. Do not press Enter at this time.Delete Data The Backspace key erases one character at a time. Press the Backspace key until Jordan is erased. Press Enter. The name â€Å"John† appears in cell A1. Edit a Cell After you enter data into a cell, you can edit the data by pressing F2 while you are in the cell you wish to edit. EXERCISE 5 Edit a Cell Change â€Å"John† to â€Å"Jones. † Move to cell A1. Press F2. Use the Backspace key to delete the â€Å"n† and the â€Å"h. † Type  nes. Press Enter. Lesson 2: Entering Excel Formulas and Formatting Data Lesson 1 familiarized you with the Excel 2007 window, taught you how to move around the window, and how to enter data.A major strength of Excel is that you can perform mathematical calculations and format your data. In this lesson, you learn how to per form basic mathematical calculations and how to format text and numerical data. To start this lesson, open Excel. Set the Enter Key Direction In Microsoft Excel, you can specify the direction the cursor moves when you press the Enter key. In the exercises that follow, the cursor must move down one cell when you press Enter. You can use the Direction box in the Excel Options pane to set the cursor to move up, down, left, right, or not at all.Perform the steps that follow to set the cursor to move down when you press the Enter key. Click the Microsoft Office button. A menu appears. Click Excel Options in the lower-right corner. The Excel Options pane appears. Click Advanced. If the check box next to After Pressing Enter Move Selection is not checked, click the box to check it. If Down does not appear in the Direction box, click the down arrow next to the Direction box and then click Down. Click OK. Excel sets the Enter direction to down. Perform Mathematical Calculations In Microsoft Excel, you can enter numbers and mathematical formulas into cells.Whether you enter a number or a formula, you can reference the cell when you perform mathematical calculations such as addition, subtraction, multiplication, or division. When entering a mathematical formula, precede the formula with an equal sign. Use the following to indicate the type of calculation you wish to perform: + Addition – Subtraction * Multiplication / Division ^ Exponential In the following exercises, you practice some of the methods you can use to move around a worksheet and you learn how to perform mathematical calculations. Refer to Lesson 1 to learn more about moving around a worksheet. EXERCISE 1Addition Type  Add  in cell A1. Press Enter. Excel moves down one cell. Type  1  in cell A2. Press Enter. Excel moves down one cell. Type  1  in cell A3. Press Enter. Excel moves down one cell. Type  =A2+A3  in cell A4. Click the check mark on the Formula bar. Excel adds cell A1 to cel l A2 and displays the result in cell A4. The formula displays on the Formula bar. Note:  Clicking the check mark on the Formula bar is similar to pressing Enter. Excel records your entry but does not move to the next cell. Subtraction Press F5. The Go To dialog box appears. Type  B1  in the Reference field. Press Enter. Excel moves to cell B1.Type  Subtract. Press Enter. Excel moves down one cell. Type  6  in cell B2. Press Enter. Excel moves down one cell. Type  3  in cell B3. Press Enter. Excel moves down one cell. Type  =B2-B3  in cell B4. Click the check mark on the Formula bar. Excel subtracts cell B3 from cell B2 and the result displays in cell B4. The formula displays on the Formula bar. Multiplication Hold down the Ctrl key while you press â€Å"g† (Ctrl+g). The Go To dialog box appears. Type  C1  in the Reference field. Press Enter. Excel moves to cell C1 Type  Multiply. Press Enter. Excel moves down one cell. Type  2  in cell C2. Press Enter. Excel moves down one cell.Type  3  in cell C3. Press Enter. Excel moves down one cell. Type  =C2*C3  in cell C4. Click the check mark on the Formula bar. Excel multiplies C1 by cell C2 and displays the result in cell C3. The formula displays on the Formula bar. Division Press F5. Type  D1  in the Reference field. Press Enter. Excel moves to cell D1. Type  Divide. Press Enter. Excel moves down one cell. Type  6  in cell D2. Press Enter. Excel moves down one cell. Type  3  in cell D3. Press Enter. Excel moves down one cell. Type  =D2/D3  in cell D4. Click the check mark on the Formula bar. Excel divides cell D2 by cell D3 and displays the result in cell D4.The formula displays on the Formula bar. When creating formulas, you can reference cells and include numbers. All of the following formulas are valid: =A2/B2 =A1+12-B3 =A2*B2+12 =24+53 AutoSum You can use the AutoSum button  Ã‚  on the Home tab to automatically add a column or row of numbers. When you press the AutoSum button  , Excel selects the numbers it thinks you want to add. If you then click the check mark on the Formula bar or press the Enter key, Excel adds the numbers. If Excel's guess as to which numbers you want to add is wrong, you can select the cells you want. EXERCISE 2 AutoSum The following illustrates AutoSum:Go to cell F1. Type  3. Press Enter. Excel moves down one cell. Type  3. Press Enter. Excel moves down one cell. Type  3. Press Enter. Excel moves down one cell to cell F4. Choose the Home tab. Click the AutoSum button  Ã‚  in the Editing group. Excel selects cells F1 through F3 and enters a formula in cell F4. Press Enter. Excel adds cells F1 through F3 and displays the result in cell F4. Perform Automatic Calculations By default, Microsoft Excel recalculates the worksheet as you change cell entries. This makes it easy for you to correct mistakes and analyze a variety of scenarios. EXERCISE 3 Automatic CalculationMake the changes described be low and note how Microsoft Excel automatically recalculates. Move to cell A2. Type  2. Press the right arrow key. Excel changes the result in cell A4. Excel adds cell A2 to cell A3 and the new result appears in cell A4. Move to cell B2. Type  8. Press the right arrow key. Excel subtracts cell B3 from cell B3 and the new result appears in cell B4. Move to cell C2. Type  4. Press the right arrow key. Excel multiplies cell C2 by cell C3 and the new result appears in cell C4. Move to cell D2. Type  12. Press the Enter key. Excel divides cell D2 by cell D3 and the new result appears in cell D4.Align Cell Entries When you type text into a cell, by default your entry aligns with the left side of the cell. When you type numbers into a cell, by default your entry aligns with the right side of the cell. You can change the cell alignment. You can center, left-align, or right-align any cell entry. Look at cells A1 to D1. Note that they are aligned with the left side of the cell. Microso ft Excel 2007 – It is a program used to create, format, and compute numbers. It displays datain row-and-column format. MS Excel makes it easy to compute numbers andallows different ways to format data including charts and reports. It is a very powerful electronic spreadsheet that lets the user enter and usenumerical data with formulas and built-in functions. It consists of 16worksheets, 65536 rows, and 256 columns. A Workbook is a file in MS Excel that holds worksheets. A Worksheet is composed of columns and rows that are similar to an accounting ledger. Itdisplays characters like letters, and numbers, and can do computations. Parts and Uses of the MS Excel Environment 1. Toolbars – display commands that are commonly used for easy access 2. Name Box – displays the address of the active cell 3. Formula bar displays the contents and formula entered on the active cell 4. Status bar – displays the information about a selected command 5. Select all Button â₠¬â€œ selects every cell in a worksheet 6. Sheet Tabs – let you display worksheets in the open workbook 7. Row headers – a number used to identify a row 8. Column headers – a letter used to identify a column 9. Active cell – the cell that has a thick border that will hold any data that you type or  entered 10. Scroll bars – includes vertical and horizontal scroll bar and four arrow used to move thescreen display horizontally or vertically 11. Title bar displays the program and the name of the workbook that you are currentlyusing 12. Menu bar (7 Tabs) – lists the names of the menus or tabs in Excel 13. Minimize button – minimizes the window to a button on the task bar 14. Maximize/Restore button – switch between maximizing a window and restoring awindow to its previous size 15. Close button – closes the window Parts of the Microsoft Office Excel 2007 Environment Parts of the PowerPoint screen: * Title bar  Ã¢â‚¬â€œ dis plays the document name * Menu bar  Ã¢â‚¬â€œ click on a menu option to see a list of commands * Standard toolbar  Ã¢â‚¬â€œ frequently used menu options Formatting toolbar  Ã¢â‚¬â€œ displays formatting commands * Placeholder  Ã¢â‚¬â€œ click or double-click to add an element to a slide * Outline view button  Ã¢â‚¬â€œ displays document in outline form * Slide view button  Ã¢â‚¬â€œ displays slides one at a time * Slide Sorter view button  Ã¢â‚¬â€œ displays all slides in a single screen * Slide show button  Ã¢â‚¬â€œ displays slide show * Drawing toolbar  Ã¢â‚¬â€œ displays drawing tools * Status bar  Ã¢â‚¬â€œ shows the current page number and position of the insertion point in the document * Office Assistant  Ã¢â‚¬â€œ quick help when you need it This lesson introduces you to  PowerPoint 2007.You use the PowerPoint window to interact with the software, place text, graphics, and other features on a slide. When you launch PowerPoint 2007, the PowerPoint 2007 Window ap pears and your screen looks like the one shown below. Your PowerPoint 2007 Window screen will probably not look exactly like the screen shown above. In PowerPoint 2007, how a window displays depends on the size of the window, the size of your monitor, and the resolution to which your monitor is set. Screen Resolution determines how much information your computer monitor can display.If you use a low resolution, less information fits on your screen, but the size of your text and images are larger. If you use a high resolution, more information fits on your screen, but the size of the text and images are smaller. The Microsoft Office Button In the upper-left corner of the PowerPoint 2007 window is the Microsoft Office button. It's similar to the old File Menu. When you click the button, a menu appears. You can use the menu to create a new file, open an existing file, save a file, print, and perform many other tasks. The Quick Access ToolbarNext to the Microsoft Office button in the upp er left corner is the Quick Access toolbar outlined in red in the image above. The Quick Access toolbar provides you with access to commands that are frequently used. By default, Save, Undo, and Redo appear on the Quick Access toolbar. You use Save to save your file, Undo to rollback an action you have taken, and Redo to reapply an action you have rolled back. You can customize this toolbar by right clicking on it or click the small black down arrow to the right. The Title Bar The Title bar is located at the top in the center of the PowerPoint 2007 window.The Title bar displays the name of the presentation on which you are currently working. By default, PowerPoint names presentations sequentially, starting with Presentation1. When you save your file, you can change the name of your presentation. The Ribbon The  Ribbon  holds all of the commands and features of each of the tabs in the Ribbon. The Tabs are located across the top of the ribbon under the Title Bar. These contextual tabs will appear when you have something highlighted that calls for it. For example, if you have a picture highlighted on your slide, a Picture Tools tab will appear.Similar tools are located in Command Groups across the ribbon. Each Command Group includes Command Buttons to perform various actions on that group of tools. Getting PowerPoint to Do What You Want You use commands to tell PowerPoint what to do. In PowerPoint 2007, the commands you use are located on the the Ribbon. The Ribbon is located near the top of the PowerPoint 2007 window, below the Quick Access toolbar. At the top of the Ribbon are several tabs and clicking a tab displays several related command groups. Within each group are related command buttons. You click buttons to issue commands or to access menus and dialog boxes.You may also find a dialog box launcher in the bottom-right corner of a group. When you click the dialog box launcher, a dialog box makes additional commands available. Clipboard  Ã¢â‚¬â€œ Cont ains the cut, copy, paste commands. The Format Painter tool is located here as are the Paste Special, Paste as Hyperlink, and Duplicate commands. Slides  Ã¢â‚¬â€œ All the commonly used commands for creating new slides Font  Ã¢â‚¬â€œ Includes the most commonly used commands for formatting font Paragraph  Ã¢â‚¬â€œ Includes all of the paragraph formatting commands, vertical and horizontal alignments, text direction, bullets, numbering, indenting, spacing before and after, columns, etc.It also includes the dialog box for tabs. Drawing  Ã¢â‚¬â€œ Allow you to add shapes and draw on your slides. This is Format Shape Dialog Box. Rulers Rulers are vertical and horizontal guides. You use them to determine where you want to place an object. If the rulers do not display in your PowerPoint 2007 window: 1. Click the View tab. 2. Click Ruler in the Show/Hide group. The rulers appear. Slides, Placeholders, and Notes The Slide Window is broken up into several areas including the Slide Pane a nd the Notes Section. The Slide Pane appears in the center of the window while the Notes Section is at the bottom.There are also Placeholders on each slide depending on the slide layout that has been selected. These layouts may include placeholders for a slide title, subtitle, text, images, video, charts, graphs, etc. The placeholders hold the objects on your slides. Slides appear in the center of the window. You create your presentation by adding content to the slides. You can use the notes area to creates notes to yourself. You can refer to these notes as you give your presentation. For narrated presentations, this area is frequently used to write the script for the audio. Main Window Components, Status Bar, Tabs, View Buttons, and MoreThe Status bar generally appears at the bottom of the window. The Status bar displays the number of the slide that is currently displayed, the total number of slides, and the name of the design template in use or the name of the background. The Outl ine tab displays the text contained in your presentation in an outline format. The Slides tab displays a thumbnail view of all your slides. You click the thumbnail to view the slide in the Slide pane. The View buttons appear near the bottom of the screen. You use the View buttons to change between Normal view, Slider Sorter view, and the Slide Show view. Normal ViewNormal view splits your screen into three major sections: the Outline and Slides tabs, the Slide pane, and the Notes area. The Outline and Slides tabs are on the left side of your window. They enable you to shift between two different ways of viewing your slides. The Slides tab shows thumbnails of your slides. The Outline tab shows the text on your slides. The Slide pane is located in the center of your window. The Slide pane shows a large view of the slide on which you are currently working. The Notes area appears below the Slide pane. You can type notes to yourself on the Notes area. Slide Sorter ViewSlide Sorter view s hows thumbnails of all your slides. In Slide Sorter view, you can easily add, delete, or change their order of your slides. Slide Show View Use the Slide Show view when you want to view your slides, as they will look in your final presentation. When in Slide Show view: Esc| Returns you to the view you were using previously. | Left-clicking| Moves you to the next slide or animation effect. When you reach the last slide, you automatically return to your previous view. | Right-clicking| Opens a pop-up menu. You can use this menu to navigate the slides, add speaker notes, select a pointer, and mark your presentation. |Zoom In & Zoom Out Zoom controls allows you to zoom in and zoom out on the window. Zooming in makes the window larger so you focus in on an object. Zooming out makes the window smaller so you can see the entire window. You can click and drag the vertical and horizontal splitter bars to change the size of your panes. What is a computer virus? A computer virus is a small sof tware program that spreads from one computer to another and interferes with computer operation. A computer virus might corrupt or delete data on a computer, use an email program to spread the virus to other computers, or even delete everything on the hard disk.Computer viruses are frequently spread by attachments in email messages or by instant messaging messages. Therefore, you must never open an email attachment unless you know who sent the message or you are expecting the email attachment. Viruses can be disguised as attachments of funny images, greeting cards, or audio and video files. Computer viruses also spread through downloads on the Internet. They can be hidden in pirated software or in other files or programs that you might download. Symptoms of a computer virus For information about the symptoms of a computer virus, go to the   Microsoft PC Security  website. What is a worm?A worm is computer code that spreads without user interaction. Most worms begin as email attac hments that infect a computer when they're opened. The worm scans the infected computer for files, such as address books or temporary webpages, that contain email addresses. The worm uses the addresses to send infected email messages, and frequently mimics (or spoofs) the â€Å"From† addresses in later email messages so that those infected messages seem to be from someone you know. Worms then spread automatically through email messages, networks, or operating system vulnerabilities, frequently overwhelming those systems before the cause is known.Worms aren't always destructive to computers, but they usually cause computer and network performance and stability problems. What is a trojan horse? A trojan horse is a malicious software program that hides inside other programs. It enters a computer hidden inside a legitimate program, such as a screen saver. Then it puts code into the operating system that enables a hacker to access the infected computer. Trojan horses do not usuall y spread by themselves. They are spread by viruses, worms, or downloaded software. What is spyware? Spyware can install on your computer without your knowledge.These programs can change your computer’s configuration or collect advertising data and personal information. Spyware can track Internet search habits and can also redirect your web browser to a different website than you intend to go to. What is rogue security software? A rogue security software program tries to make you think that your computer is infected by a virus and usually prompts you to download or buy a product that removes the virus. The names of these products frequently contain words like Antivirus, Shield, Security, Protection, or Fixer. This makes them sound legitimate.They frequently run right after you download them, or the next time that your computer starts. Rogue security software can prevent applications, such as Internet Explorer, from opening. Rogue security software might also display legitimate and important Windows files as infections. Typical error messages or pop-up messages might contain the following phrases: Warning! Your computer is infected! This computer is infected by spyware and adware. Note  If you receive a message in a popup dialog box that resembles this warning, press  ALT + F4  on your keyboard to close the dialog box.Do not click anything inside the dialog box. If a warning, such as the one here, keeps appearing when you try to close the dialog box, it’s a good indication that the message is malicious. Are you sure you want to navigate from this page? Your computer is infected! They can cause data lost and file corruption and need to be treated as soon as possible. Press CANCEL to prevent it. Return to System Security and download it to secure your PC. Press OK to Continue or Cancel to stay on the current page. If you see this kind of message, then don't download or buy the software.What is malware? Malware is a term that is used for malicio us software that is designed to do damage or unwanted actions to a computer system. Examples of malware include the following: Viruses Worms Trojan horses Spyware Rogue security software How to remove malware such as a virus, spyware, or rogue security software Removing a computer virus or spyware can be difficult without the help of malicious software removal tools. Some computer viruses and other unwanted software reinstall themselves after the viruses and spyware are detected and removed.Fortunately, by updating the computer and by using malicious software removal tools, you can help permanently remove unwanted software. For more information about how to remove a computer virus and spyware, see the following article in the Microsoft Knowledge Base: 2671662 – Microsoft resources and guidance for removal of malware and viruses Note  If you cannot access the Internet on your computer, use another computer to help you follow the steps in the â€Å"How to reset your Internet Explorer proxy settings† section on the computer that may be infected.To remove a computer virus and other malicious software, follow these steps in order. Install the latest updates from Microsoft Update Note  A computer virus may prevent you from accessing the Microsoft Update website to install the latest updates. We recommend that you set the Automatic Updates service  to run automatically so that a computer is not missing any important updates. For more information, see the following article in the Microsoft Knowledge Base:   306525 – How to configure and use Automatic Updates in Windows Windows Vista  and  Windows 7 Click  Start, and then type  Windows Update  in the search box.In the results area, click  Windows Update. Click  Check for Updates. Follow the instructions to download and install the latest Windows Updates. Windows XP Click  Start, and then click  Run. Type  sysdm. cpl, and then press Enter. Click the  Automatic Updates  tab, and then click the  Automatic (recommended)  option. Click  OK. Use the free Microsoft Safety Scanner Microsoft offers a free online tool that scans and helps remove potential threats from your computer. To perform the scan, go to the  Microsoft Safety Scanner  website. Use the Windows Malicious Software Removal ToolFor more information about the Microsoft Malicious Software Removal Tool, see the following article in the Microsoft Knowledge Base: 890830 – The Microsoft Windows Malicious Software Removal Tool helps remove specific, prevalent malicious software from computers that are running Windows 7, Windows Vista, Windows Server 2003, Windows Server 2008, or Windows XP Manually remove the rogue security software If the rogue security software can’t be detected or removed by using Microsoft Safety Scanner or the Windows Malicious Software Removal Tool, try the following steps: Note the name of the rogue security software.For this example, we'll call i t  XP Security Agent 2010. Restart your computer. When you see the computer's manufacturer's logo, repeatedly press the  F8  key. When you are prompted, use the arrow keys to highlight  Safe Mode with Networking, and then press Enter. Click  Start  and check whether the rogue security software appears on the  Start  menu. If it's not listed there, clickAll Programs  and scroll to find the rogue security software's name. Right-click the name of the rogue security software program, and then click  Properties. Click the  Shortcut  tab.In the  Properties  dialog box, check the path of the rogue security software program that is listed in  Target. For example,  C:Program FilesXP Security Agent 2010. Note  The folder name frequently is a random number. Click  Open File Location. In the  Program Files  window, click  Program Files  in the address bar. Scroll until you find the rogue security software program folder. For example,  XP Security Ag ent 2010. Right-click the folder, and then click  Delete. Restart your computer. Go to the  Microsoft Safety Scanner  website. Follow the steps to run the scan and to help remove the rogue security software.If you suspect that your computer is infected with rogue security software that was not detected by using Microsoft security solutions, you can submit samples by using the  Microsoft Malware Protection Center submission form. For more information about rogue security software, go to the  Watch out for fake virus alerts  website. Install and run Microsoft Security Essentials Microsoft offers a free malicious removal program called Microsoft Security Essentials that helps protect your computer from becoming infected. To install Microsoft Security Essentials, follow these steps: Go to the  Microsoft Security Essentials  website.Click  Free Download. Click  Run, and then follow the instructions to install Microsoft Security Essentials. After installation, restart your computer. Click  Start, click  All Programs, and then click  Microsoft Security Essentials. On the  Home  tab, select the  Full  scan option, and then click  Scan now. Install Windows Defender Offline Windows Defender Offline is a malware tool that helps remove difficult to eliminate viruses that start before Windows starts. To use Windows Defender Offline, follow these steps: On an uninfected computer, go to the  What is Windows Defender Offline  website.Click  Download the 32 bit version  or  Download the 64 bit version, depending on which operating system that you are running. If you're unsure of which operating system that you are running, go to the  Is my PC running the 32-bit or 64-bit version of Windows  website. When you are prompted, click  Save As, and then save the file to a DVD, CD, or USB flash drive. On the infected computer, insert the DVD, CD, or USB flash drive, and then restart the computer. When you are prompted, press a key to select an option to use to start your computer, such as F12, F5, or F8, depending on the kind of computer that you are using.Use the arrow key to scroll to the drive where you installed Windows Defender Offline file. Windows Defender Offline starts and immediately scans for malware. For more information about how to remove a computer virus, go to the  How do I remove a computer virus  website. How to protect your computer against malware There are actions that you can take to help protect your computer against malware. Turn on the firewall For information about how to turn on your firewall in Windows 7, go to the  Turn Windows 7 Firewall on or offwebsite.For information about how to turn on your firewall in Windows Vista, go to the  Turn Windows Vista Firewall on or off  website. For information about how to turn on your firewall in Windows XP, see the following article in the Microsoft Knowledge Base: 283673 – How can I turn on or turn off the firewall in Windows XP Service Pack 2 or later versions? Keep your computer up to date For more information about how to set Automatic Updates in Windows, see the following article in the Microsoft Knowledge Base: 306525 – How to configure and use Automatic Updates in Windows Install Microsoft Security Essentials and keep it up to dateFor more information about how to install and use Microsoft Security Essentials, go to the  Microsoft Security Essentialswebsite. Don’t be tricked into downloading malware Here are some tips that can help protect you from downloading software that you don't want: Only download programs from websites that you trust. If you're not sure whether to trust a program that you want to download, enter the name of the program into your favorite search engine to see whether anyone else has reported that it contains spyware. Read all security warnings, license agreements, and privacy statements that are associated with any software that you download.Never click  "Agree† or â€Å"OK† to close a window that you suspect might be spyware. Instead, click the red â€Å"x† in the corner of the window or press  Alt + F4  on your keyboard to close a window. Be wary of popular â€Å"free† music and movie file-sharing programs, and make sure that you understand all the software packaged with those programs. Use a standard user account instead of an administrator account. For more information, go to the  Why use a standard account instead of an administrator account  website. For more information about how to protect a computer against viruses, go to the  How to boost your malware defense and protect your PC  website.How to reset your Internet Explorer proxy settings Malicious software might change Internet Explorer proxy settings, and these changes can prevent you from accessing Windows Update or any Microsoft Security sites. To have us change your Internet Explorer proxy settings for you, follow these steps: On an uninfected computer, see the following article in the Microsoft Knowledge base: 2289942 – How to reset your Internet Explorer proxy settings Go to the  Fix it for me  section. Click the  Fix it  button. Save the file to a flash drive or a CD when you are prompted. Insert the flash drive or CD in the infected computer.Start Windows, click  Start, and then click  Run. Click  Browse. Select the location of the flash drive or CD. Double-click the file that you saved, and then click  Open. To change your Internet Explorer proxy settings yourself, follow these steps: Click  Start, and then click  Run. In the  Run  box, copy and paste the following: reg add â€Å"HKCUSoftwareMicrosoftWindowsCurrentVersionInternet Settings† /v ProxyEnable /t REG_DWORD /d 0 /f Click  OK. Click  Start, and then click  Run. In the  Run  box, copy and paste the following: reg delete â€Å"HKCUSoftwareMicrosoftWindowsCurrentVersionInternet Settings† /v Pr oxyServer /f Click  OK.